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Le mot « cause » est fréquemment employé dans des publications scientifiques, parfois sans conscience claire de ce qu’il implique. Ce terme a une histoire philosophique au cours de laquelle sa signification et son usage dans les sciences ont été tantôt défendus, tantôt critiqués. D’une part la recherche de causes naturelles est bien constitutive du projet scientifique, d’autre part le terme de cause peut facilement véhiculer des conceptions naïves de la relation entre causes et effets, dont les conséquences peuvent être de retarder ou de mal orienter la recherche de facteurs de causalité. Les sciences biologiques et médicales sont riches d’exemples de ce type. Plusieurs questions peuvent être posées. Quelle est l’utilisation présente de la causalité dans les sciences biologiques et médicales ? Quelles sont les difficultés particulières liées à l’établissement des relations de causalité ? Comment ces difficultés peuvent-elles être surmontées ? L’identification de conditions causales permet-elle de prédire la succession de phénomènes physiologiques ? Est-il souhaitable de conserver le langage causaliste pour décrire des situations où règne le multifactoriel ? Comment mieux décrire ces situations par d’autres langages, et est-ce toujours possible ? Les textes réunis dans cet ouvrage sont pour la plupart issus du colloque « Faut-il connaître les causes pour comprendre et intervenir ? Questions sur la causalité dans les sciences biologiques et médicales », organisé le 31 mai 2016 par l’Académie des sciences, sur l’initiative de sa section de biologie humaine et sciences médicales.

Causation. --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology

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The ancient origins of teleological concepts are sometimes either conveniently forgotten or given a distorted appearance. On the one hand, ancient teleology has been obscured by the theological cloak of creationism. On the other, Darwinists have sometimes failed to give due consideration to the variety and subtlety of teleology's intellectual antecedents. The purpose of this book is to restore the balance by looking at the manifold ways in which teleology in antiquity was viewed. The volume, consisting of twelve essays by leading authorities in their fields, examines the ways in which teleological arguments were used in antiquity and how these discussions inform and influence current debates on evolution, creationism and intelligent design. As well as examining philosophical contributions to the subject, a specific aim is to examine ancient medical thinking on this topic and its relationship to ancient philosophical ideas.

Teleology --- Medicine --- Health Workforce --- Design in natural phenomena, Study of --- Final cause --- Philosophy --- Causation --- Evolution --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- History.

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This Element provides an accessible introduction to the contemporary philosophy of causation. It introduces the reader to central concepts and distinctions (type vs token causation, probabilistic vs deterministic causation, difference-making, interventions, overdetermination, pre-emption) and to key tools (structural equations, graphs, probabilistic causal models) drawn upon in the contemporary debate. The aim is to fuel the reader's interest in causation, and to equip them with the resources to contribute to the debate themselves. The discussion is historically informed and outward-looking. 'Historically informed' in that concise accounts of key historical contributions to the understanding of causation set the stage for an examination of the latest research. 'Outward looking' in that illustrations are provided of how the philosophy of causation relates to issues in the sciences, law, and elsewhere. The aim is to show why the study of causation is of critical importance, besides being fascinating in its own right.

Causation. --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology

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Design (Philosophy) --- Final cause --- Teleologie --- Teleology --- Téléologie --- Biology --- Teleology. --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy --- Design in natural phenomena, Study of --- Causation --- Evolution --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Vitalism

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Hume on Causation is the first major work dedicated to Hume's views on causation in over fifteen years. It places Hume's interest in causation within the context of his theory of the mind and his theory of causal reasoning, arguing that Hume's conception of causation derives from his conception of the nature of the inference from causes to effects. Helen Beebee argues that Hume's interest in inductive reasoning is an interest in the psychological process involved in inferring effects from causes, and not in the epistemological 'problem of induction' as traditionally conceived. She also motivates and develops a projectivist interpretation of Hume's theory of causation, according to which our causal talk is an expression of our inferential habits, and argues that for Hume the projection of those habits affects not only how we conceive of the world, but also how we see it.

Causation --- Hume, David, --- Causation. --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Hume, David --- Hume, David, - 1711-1776 --- Causalité